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Published by siadatpour at September 1, 2022

comparison of 11 common grapevine pests

comparison of 11 common grapevine pests :

Grapes are exposed to possible insect attack in all growing areas such as roots, trunks, branches, leaves and fruits. Although different types of insects may cause damage in different regions of grapes, there is a significant similarity between them in the form and type of damage.

Grape pests include Phylloxera, Leafhoppers, Borers, Mealybugs, Leaf folders, Cutworms and Aphids.

Also, many mite species that are not insects (mites are in the family of spiders (Arachnid)) cause infections on grapes.

In some cases, the pest does not damage the vine or the fruit, but infects and weakens it.

For example, there are beetles that work in the cluster near the time of harvest, and if they come in contact with the grapes, they cause a change in the color of the grape products.

There are also similar problems with consuming fresh grapes. When the insects are on the clusters, it is possible to move them to the market, and this reduces the marketability of the grapes.

Important pests of grapes :

Phylloxera:

Phylloxera is a specific pest of grapes. This pest, which is spread all over the world, looks like an aphid.

When the Phylloxera finds ways to enter the vineyard, it may affect only small vines and seedlings at first, but lack of management can cause the spread and outbreak of this pest, causing increased dryness and deterioration of a large number of vines.

Usually, the symptoms of infection start from the lower part of the vine leaves.

If seedlings infected with this destructive pest are planted in the vineyard, it should be expected that the infection will spread throughout the vineyard and show a decrease in growth and yield after a few years.

It should be noted that the type of soil also has a great effect on the population of the hairy.

Soils with a high amount of sand are not suitable places for the growth and reproduction of this pest. This can be the reason why the vineyards where there were infected vines were not infected.

Phylloxera creates spherical nodules on the lower part of the branches and leaves of infected vines and also causes damage and holes in the upper part of the leaf.

The most serious damage is caused by the feeding of the hairy stem from the grape roots and the substances injected from the hairy stem into the plant tissue, and causes the formation of nodules (false galls on younger roots) and tubercles (general swelling).

A large population of hairy aphids causes the death of grapes by reducing the capacity of the root system and possible contamination of root wounds by pathogens. The expansion of the population of Phylloxera is primarily done through human operations. This pest is moved by the machinery inside the vineyard, the clothes of the active forces inside the garden, as well as gardening tools.

The movement of the hair shaft can also be done by the wind.

The winged form of this insect, which is capable of flying very long distances, is rarely found.

Phylloxera control

Controlling Phylloxera in infected and susceptible vines is not practical, especially if the soil in some areas is infected with this pest.

One of the problems of combating and controlling hairy aphids is the ability of this pest to live on the roots much lower than the soil level and beyond the reach of chemicals. Also, it is very difficult to use chemicals in the clay soils that the hair beetle prefers.

Another problem is that the eggs of this pest are hard and resistant, which makes it difficult to remove them.

Some biological control agents such as pathogenic fungi have been investigated for insect control, but these methods are unlikely to be practical and feasible.

Therefore, in the successful management of pests, the first step is to prevent this pest from entering the garden and transplanting grapes to a graft base with resistant roots.

Leafhoppers

Leafhoppers are pests of many crops, and since they have a wide variety of hosts, it is difficult to eradicate them from the vineyard.

Spiders feed on cell sap by piercing the epidermis. During this process, which includes the exchange of nutrients between the pest and the plant, these insects act as carriers of some disease-causing organisms and thus cause heavier secondary damage.

The most important disease that is caused in this way is Pierce’s disease.

Symptoms of leafhopper feeding include small chlorotic spots on the leaves (leading to generalized chlorosis), leaf curl virus, and angular reddening of the leaf.

Leafhoppers control

Removing the lower leaves of the tree is the first step to fight and control the invasion of the vines in the vineyards, because the vines lay their eggs there. The control of spiders can also be done through the use of insecticides.

Pyrethroids are insecticides that have been used for this purpose for many years.

Another method is to use Bacillus thuringiensis. Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterium that produces a chemical substance that disrupts the intestinal cells of insects.

Synthetic insecticides such as organophosphates can also be used in a limited way, because its long-term use will completely eliminate this pest.

Research has been conducted on the effective factors in controlling this pest by biocontrol, such as the use of bees, which may be part of pest management systems in the future.

Borer Insects

There are different types of borer insects that attack grapes. Adult forms of the beetle or moth lay eggs near or on the vine itself.

When the larvae hatch from the eggs, they move towards the roots and infect the roots.

The larvae feed on the center of the roots and branches and damage the vascular tissues.

The destruction of the vessel causes symptoms of water stress in the plant and will eventually lead to the complete drying of the vine.

Control of Borer Insects

The best control method is to destroy the host and replace it with a new plant and maintain the health of the environment.

Also, using a pheromone spray can disrupt the mating of this pest. At least two fungal pathogens of pest larvae have been reported, which are biological controllers of this pest.

Sustainable vineyard pest control

Although humans are cultivating grapes since ancient times, growing grapes is not an easy job.

A lot of knowledge is required by growers to produce quality grapes. Often, growers ask us when is the best time for spraying against pests and diseases to protect grapevines.

Grapevines are, like any other plant species, exposed to environmental influences, diseases, and pests.

While some can threaten grapevines’ existence and production capability, others harm vines only occasionally and to a minor extent.

Pest controls required to produce healthy grapes differs based on vineyard location, vine variety, and weather

Mealybugs

The mealybug is a species in the genus Pseudococcus and is considered a big problem in vineyards.

The mealybug is a carrier of the disease and its feeding causes an increase in botrytis contamination, physical damage to the bunches, embalming of the grapes and unmarketability of the grapes.

Control of mealybugs

In many areas, control is achieved through the use of natural predators such as parasitic bees.

There are other types of control organisms, but the control and management of this pest is difficult because the insect often operates under the skin or inside the clusters.

Moths

Grape Moths is a serious pest in small vineyards in the eastern United States. Wild trees are planted in these vineyards and willows attack them from the forest areas.

Larval growth has been successfully modeled using the thermal levels formula and allows predicting when to use control methods (pest control calendars can be programmed and invoked).

In most cases, agricultural methods are used to control the population, but in case of severe damage, chemical control should also be used. The European grape cluster moth is a different species that causes the same damage as willow on grapes.

Epiphyas postvittana

Epiphyas postvittana can also be a problem in some areas. Adults lay eggs on leaves or fruit and larvae feed on tissues after hatching causing direct damage.

Also, laurels can cause the spread of fungal spores such as botrytis by creating wounds in the plant tissue.

control of Epiphyas postvittana

As with other butterfly pests, control methods for apple brown borer include the use of parasitic bees.

Thrips

Thrips are very small insects that damage the cluster and fruit by laying eggs. The bite of thrips causes bumps on the skin of the fruit.

Thrips damage is visible in the first degree as a wound and can be the source of cracks on the skin of the grapes.

control of Thrips

Enhancing plant diversity in a vineyard can naturally control thrips, as it may turn vineyards into sources of thrips infestation.

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Beatles

Beetles can also cause damage in the vineyard. Larvae cause damage by feeding on roots and adult insects by feeding on vine leaves.

The bark of the grape tree hosts a variety of insects, some of which come out to feed only after dark (night).

In New Zealand, the rootworm Costelytra zealandica becomes an important and damaging pest in spring.

Adult insects emerge from the ground in this season, go to the vineyard and feed on young shoots, leaves and flowers and perform mating.

A non-chemical management method is to use a burial lamp under the vine tree.

The light of these lights can change the flight patterns of this pest.

By cutting the roots of the plant, the white root worm (beetle larvae) causes a severe weakening of the plant and as a result the vines dry up.

Mites

The felt mite (and the bud mite, which is closely related to the felt mite), the grape rust mite, and the spider mite are examples of the types of mites found in most viticultural areas.

Mites damage the leaves by feeding. The leaves may turn brown and fall due to the activity of mites.

Changing the color of the leaves reduces the photosynthesis of the vine and the growth of the buds.

control of Mites

Many harmful ticks are naturally controlled by predatory ticks, so chemical tick control programs must be used carefully to prevent the loss of beneficial ticks.

For example, the use of sulfur to control the disease can disrupt the life cycle of both harmful and beneficial mites.

Also, providing alternative food sources for predatory ticks when the population of tick pests is low can preserve these beneficial organisms for the time of need.

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Nematodes

Nematodes exist naturally in some soils. The nematode is one of the important pests of grapes, which attaches to the root using its oral parts and feeds on plant sap.

This causes abnormal root growth and function (roots become rosary seeds) and can lead to symptoms such as water stress in the vine.

Nematodes mainly reduce the growth of vine trees by creating knots on the roots.

They don’t usually dry out trees, but they do make them more susceptible to disease or environmental stress.

The population of nematodes increases over time in vineyards and causes disturbances.

Due to the recent strict regulations about not using nematicides, a common primer can be used in the soil before planting, or other options such as planting nematode-resistant crops can be substituted.

PESTICIDE RESISTANCE

Disease-causing organisms, weeds and insects often become resistant to pesticides used in agriculture.

The development of resistance to old pesticides to control insects indicates the need to replace them with other methods of fighting diseases, pests and weeds.

The first documented resistance was reported in 1996, which was related to glyphosate, and currently there are 36 reports.

The use of many fungicides has become useless due to the development of resistance by the target organisms.

In general, the greater the characteristics and extent of the family of disease-causing agents or pests, the higher the chance of mutation in poison resistance.

Excessive use of new pesticides causes resistance and possibly their inefficiency.

The use of several strategies including limiting the number of spraying programs in each season, alternating use of pesticides from different families and using with different rounds can prevent pests and fungi from becoming resistant to pesticides.

Despite these measures, the management of the disease using chemicals will depend on the development of pesticides, because in case of increasing resistance to the poisons, according to the regulations, the production of these poisons must be stopped and new poisons replaced.

Nowadays, due to the identification of the negative effects that chemicals have on the environment, animals and humans (water pollution, air pollution, poisoning of living organisms, destruction of beneficial insects, increase in genetic mutations, impairment of the immune system of all animals, etc.), try to use minimal or Not using agricultural pesticides. Achieving this goal with less and timely use of poisons and the use of biological warfare is expanding.

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Comparison of 11 common grapevine pests

comparison of 11 common grapevine pests