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Types of chemical Pesticides and analysis of their effects on health: Without the use of these toxins, more than half of our crops will be destroyed by pests and diseases. According to annual statistics, between 26 and 40% of the world’s crop production potential is lost due to weeds, pests and diseases. Without product protection, these losses can easily be doubled. Therefore, the use of pesticides is very important.
Pesticides can be classified based on factors such as chemical classes, functional groups, methods of action, and toxicity. Pesticides are used to kill pests and control weeds using chemicals. Hence, they can also be toxic to other organisms, including birds, fish, insects, and non-target plants, as well as air, water, soil, and crops.
Pesticide is generally a substance used to control unwanted plants, pests, rodents or plant diseases. Pesticides include herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides and fungicides. Among pesticides, insecticides pose the greatest challenge to pollinators. Using the right methods of use When using any pesticide is very important in keeping pollinators safe.
The history of using these products can be divided into three time periods. In the first period before the 1870s, pests were controlled using various natural compounds. The first recorded use of insecticides was by the Sumerians about 4,500 years ago. They used sulfur compounds to control insects and mites. About 3,200 years ago, the Chinese used compounds of mercury and arsenic to control body lice.
There was no chemical industry at that time so all products used were produced directly from animal, plant or mineral sources. In the past, more smoke was used to kill mold or keep harmful insects away. Farmers also controlled weeds mainly by hand weeding.
The third period began after 1945, when the use of synthetic pesticides became popular with the discovery of the effects of phenyl trichloroethane (DDT), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC), aldrin, dildrin, andrin, chlordane, parathion, and captan.
The disadvantages of these products were high application rate, lack of selectivity and high toxicity. DDT, for example, was widely used around the world because it was less toxic to mammals and reduced insect-borne diseases such as malaria, yellow fever and typhus.
Chemical pesticides are divided into organophosphate, carbamate pesticides, organochlorine insecticides and pyrethroid pesticides.
Pesticides are very important in the agricultural industry. They help farmers produce more food on smaller plots by protecting crops from pests, diseases and weeds, as well as increasing productivity per hectare. Production of major products has more than tripled since 1960, largely thanks to pesticides. For example, rice, used by almost half the population of our planet, is more than twice as effective as pesticides. Both artificial and natural sources of these compounds are used by all farmers. The difference is that organic farmers can only use their natural varieties. But both synthetic and natural pesticides have different levels of toxicity.
Three billion kilograms of pesticides are used annually worldwide. However, only 1% of them are used effectively to control pests in target plants. Thus large amounts of them penetrate into non-target plants and surrounding environments.
As a result, pesticides pollute the environment and have a negative impact on human health. These compounds are often named according to the type of pest they control. There are different types of pesticides and they have different categories
accordingly.
Some types of pesticides include:
Bio-pesticides are special types of tertiary products derived from natural materials such as animals, plants, bacteria and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticide applications and are considered biological products. They are divided into three main categories:
These products are made up of a microorganism (for example, a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan) as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control a variety of pests, although each of the active ingredients used for their target pests is relatively specific. For example, there are fungi that control certain weeds, and there are other fungi that kill certain insects.
The most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Each of these bacteria produces different combinations of proteins, specifically killing one or more related species of insect larvae.
Plant Protection Pesticides
(PIPs)
These products are produced through genetic material added to the plant. For example, researchers can extract the pesticide protein gene and insert it into the plant’s own genetic material. Instead of bacteria, the plant then produces a substance that kills the pest.
These toxins are natural substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. In contrast, conventional pesticides are made from synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical toxins include substances such as insect sex pheromones that interfere with mating, as well as various extracts of aromatic plants that attract pests to traps.
Most of the active ingredients used in these chemical toxins are mineral or organic. From a scientific point of view, mineral pesticides do not contain carbon and are usually obtained from minerals extracted from the ground. Examples of these mineral toxins are copper sulfate, iron sulfate, copper and sulfur. Organic pesticides contain carbon in their chemical structure. Examples include Captan, the oldest, and glyphosate.
Pesticides are classified based on many factors. But the main classification of these chemicals is based on their composition. Classifications of pesticides include:
These pesticides negatively affect the nervous system of pests by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. Most organophosphate toxins are insecticides. Some of these toxins are highly toxic (used in World War II as nerve agents). However, they are usually not stable in the environment. Examples include pesticides such as malathion, chlorpyrifos and fesmet.
These toxins also have negative effects on the insect nervous system by disrupting the production of acetylcholine. The enzymatic effects of these toxins are usually reversible. Examples are carbon eruption and examil.
Most of these pesticides have been phased out due to health problems, environmental effects and their persistence in the environment (such as DDT and chlordan). However, many tropical countries still use DDT to control malaria. Some other examples of these chemical toxins include aldrin and dildrin.
Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides Types of chemical Pesticides
These toxins were made as a synthetic version of the oldest natural pesticides found in chrysanthemums. Examples include cypermethrin and deltamethrin toxins.
Triazine herbicides work by inhibiting electron transfer in photosynthesis. Some crops are resistant to triazines, for example corn root contains an enzyme that inactivates these toxins. This makes them useful as selective herbicides. However, many weeds are already resistant to triazine toxins. In this group of pesticides, toxins such as atrazine, propazine, simazine, prometone and promethrin can be mentioned.
Triazoles inhibit sterol biosynthesis, which is a vital component of fungal cell membrane integrity, resulting in abnormal fungal growth and eventual death. Because their location is so special, there are so many concerns about them. This group of toxins includes epoxyconazole, ciproconazole and flucilazole.
Neonicotinoids are a class of neurotically active insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine. In 2013, the European Commission imposed restrictions on the use of neonicotinoid insecticides that are thought to disrupt bee colony decay. These toxins include acetaminophen, clotanidine, nitenpyram, thiacloprid, and imidacloprid.
When pesticides are applied or disposed of on the plant, they have the potential to enter the environment. Upon entering the environment, these toxins can be subjected to processes such as transport (or movement) and degradation. Their destruction in the environment causes the production of new chemicals. Pesticides are transferred from the intended location to other environments or non-target plants through transfer processes such as adsorption, washing, evaporation and runoff.
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