Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security

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Published by siadatpour at July 21, 2022

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Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security

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Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security

Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security .Plants are the primary sources of human food and in a way all the creatures in the world. Preservation of these resources and their health is very important and vital, not only for humans, but also for all creatures.

Potential biological factors (insects and plant pathogens, nematodes, mites, weeds and parasitic plants) and abiotic factors (lack or excess, body or excess of soil mineral salts, or increase in temperature, changes in soil pH, increase in greenhouse gases, atmospheric ozone). , excessive use of pesticides, chemical pesticides and climate changes caused by global warming) are among the most important threats to plant health.

In addition to local biological agents that cause continuous damage to plant products, there are an important number of biological agents in different regions of the world, which, in terms of being contagious, multiplying quickly, or having multiple hosts, can spread in the environment in the shortest time and cause an epidemic. Flooding can cause irreparable damages, especially of economic type.

Plant damaging biological factors are generally called plant pests. In the definition of plant pests, it is stated: “Any species, subspecies or biotype of plant, animal or pathogen that causes injury, damage or death of plants and plant products”.

Plant pests can be along with plants, organs and live plant products, seeds and plant organs that reproduce asexually (such as onions, tubers, seedlings, cuttings, cuttings, rhizomes and leaves), insects, vector animals, humans, wind and storms and rain, water and soil, agricultural and horticultural machinery and tools, means of transportation of plant products, wooden packages are transferred from native areas to non-native areas or from contaminated areas to non-contaminated areas.

If the climatic conditions in the new area are suitable for the growth and multiplication of plant pests, the plants of that area will be quickly infected or destroyed. Also, technical and executive problems in the field of tracking, identifying, eradicating or controlling such pests double their importance in terms of food security threats.

Since thousands of years ago, when humans realized that by living in fertile areas, they do not need to move and migrate seasonally, and through the cultivation of plants and the production of plant products, they can provide their own food, and they have been fighting against plant pests. In the past and contemporary centuries, plant pests have caused countless damages to human life all over the world.

level of public awareness

Increasing the level of public awareness, attracting the attention of policymakers and decision-makers in the field of national food security and paying attention to the importance of the (forgotten) role of strategic management in protecting the health and security of national plant resources in the stability and sustainability of food security are among the main goals of the upcoming article. .

The severity and weakness and the amount of disasters and damages caused by plant pests to plants and plant products cannot be specified and compared with a single criterion or formula.

Each pest behaves differently in each climate zone. In other words, a pest that is considered threatening and damaging for a species of plants in the subtropical region may be less important for plants in temperate regions.

Also, the criteria that determine the risk and damage of a pest are different in different regions of the world and can vary from year to year.

This article examines the impact and social, economic, cultural and environmental consequences of multi-species plant pests with specific indicators that have occurred in different regions of the world.

The pests mentioned in this article are among the oldest, most effective, most difficult, most costly, most damaging and most potential pests in the universe, which have played a significant role in human life and climate change.

The oldest plant pests

One of the oldest plant pests is humans. This two-legged creature from thousands of years ago until today in various forms, including unintentional and intentional transfer of plant pests from native areas to new areas, destruction of habitat and disturbance in the food cycle of pests, elimination of natural enemies and weak and non-technical management of the fight. And controlling plant pests directly or indirectly has played a key role.

Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria)

The carved forms of the desert locust on the stone wall of the tombs of the ancient Egyptian pharaohs from 1411 to 2220 BC are the most reliable historical documents in this field, and the desert locust has been the most dangerous plant pest known to mankind since ancient times. The length of history tells. Even today, the desert locust with more than 400 plant hosts is considered one of the most dangerous plant pests threatening food security in the world. Currently, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) is constantly monitoring the global desert locust.

Moniliophthora perniciosa disease of cocoa trees

In relation to the role of humans in the deliberate transmission of pests, we can mention the disease of cacao trees in the Bahia region of Brazil, which resulted in severe and significant economic damage for this country. Until 1990, the owners and producers of cocoa beans in Brazil had a lot of influence in the ruling power and were considered a kind of shadow government because of the great wealth they had obtained from the production and export of this product.

The opposition political parties decided to destroy the wealth, power and political influence of the cocoa producers by attacking their source of income. This decision was taken while at that time, Brazil was the third largest producer and exporter of cocoa beans in the world.

Witches Broom of Lime

The cause of lemongrass disease is a phytoplasma pathogen called Phytoplasma Aurantifolia. This disease agent initially causes the leaves to become small and piled up and create a shape similar to a broom in the leaves and will cause the death of the plant within 4 to 5 years.

The action of the disease agent in limotresh jaroek is similar to the action of the HIV virus (AIDS) in humans; In the initial stages of contamination, the disease agent has a incubation period and after emergence, it causes rapid death of the plant. The insect (Hishimonus Phyciti) is one of the potential agents of transmission and spread of the disease agent from an infected tree to a healthy tree.

It is not inappropriate to mention another case of the role of humans in the deliberate transfer and spread of non-native biological damage agents that has been prominent in the current century and has attracted the attention of all countries; Most transfers of harmful non-native biological agents occur accidentally or unexpectedly in connection with human or natural activities. The deliberate introduction and spread of non-native pests and diseases is a potential factor for disrupting the agricultural security system, human health, environment and all related industries and is capable of causing heavy damage to food security in the shortest possible time. Therefore, this issue has become a serious challenge for countries for a long time.

Uninformed human intervention in the relocation and intentional contamination of dangerous pests in pest-free areas, with the aim of carrying out destructive actions, is currently considered a serious threat at the international level, to the extent that it is an important part of most security services of different countries. dedicated to fighting this issue. The events of the mad cow disease epidemic in England and Canada (1990 AD) and the contamination of American wheat fields with carnal bunt disease (1996) are among the examples of this kind of destructive actions that lead to billions of dollars in financial losses and social crises. Commercialization became intense.

The most expensive fight against a pest

Corn Root Worm:

Corn Root Worm or Diabrotica Virgifera can be the most expensive pest in terms of the use of chemical insecticides for control, the costs of producing traditional genetically modified resistant varieties and transgenic corn, as well as the costs of corn crop loss due to this pest over many years. did

Corn is one of the few plants that continuously and uniformly increases its yield, and at the same time, slow and uniform genetic resistance is formed in this plant, and for this reason, it takes many years to produce a resistant variety.

The most dangerous pest of stored products

(Trogoderma granarium ) Khapra beetle :

Khapra beetle or wheat bulb or shelf and cabinet beetle Trogoderma Granarium is the most dangerous pest of warehouse products in the world. This pest is very difficult to control because it can live for a long time without food. It is also resistant to more than 55 chemical pesticides and is on the list of 100 dangerous and destructive invasive species. Countries that are infected with this pest cannot export their grains and legumes to other countries. The damage percentage of the Khapra beetle reaches more than 75%, which means that the infected product cannot be consumed or sold. Moving or consuming grains and seeds infected with Khapra beetle causes skin irritation and inflammation and stomach and intestinal pain.

Corn is one of the few plants that continuously and uniformly increases its yield, and at the same time, slow and uniform genetic resistance is formed in this plant, and for this reason, it takes many years to produce a resistant variety.

The most potential pests of climate change

(Mountain Pine Beetle) :

The damages caused by the numerous outbreaks of the mountain spruce beetle in the forests of the British Columbia region of Canada have led to the destruction of 13 million hectares of spruce forests in this region. The destruction of trees in this vast area of the forest has released and suspended about 270 million tons of carbon in the air and has turned the forest from a carbon sink into a source of carbon production. Climate change has caused many woody pests in the northern regions to become much more destructive than before. Also, the increase in temperature has increased the lifespan of these pests in the winter season and has made it possible to produce one more generation in the summer season. Northern forests, which were once a bulwark against climate change, are now more threatened by climate change.

The pests discussed in this article are only a small part of the dangerous pests that cause plant damage. Any pest at any time and place may become a damaging and dangerous pest under suitable weather conditions or by mutation and genetic manipulation or by the emergence of resistance to chemical pesticides, and with frequent outbreaks, it can cause huge economic and social damage. .

Continuous tracking, care and monitoring (monitoring) in the form of the national pest tracking network is the most basic, logical and least expensive system to prevent epidemics and cause severe economic losses from pests. It is also a necessary tool for timely and rational decision-making by officials to take quick action to fight and eradicate non-native pests and protect food security in any country.

Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security Plant pests, the biggest threat to food security

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